Comparing Davis and Lincolns Innagural Address - 1451 Words

The bloodiest war in American history, led by Abraham Lincoln for the north, and Jefferson Davis for the south, both presidents, but two different sides. Both garner for peace, yet one is willing to start a war, while the other is willing to accept it. This essay will compare and contrast the political, economical, and social outlooks on Lincoln’s and Davis’ Inaugural addresses throughout the civil war between the North and South. Slavery, laws, and state rights drove the South to start a war, and Lincoln received the war with open arms. Both sides wanted peace, but their means of achieving it and their leaders’ choices and beliefs differed greatly while still holding similarities. Abraham Lincoln had many neutral political views, which†¦show more content†¦When you put the two paragraphs together you can see that where Lincoln took a step back and planned his approach to not only the oncoming war but the presidency itself, Davis decided to bull on thro ugh and strive to please his own people while slandering those on the other side of the wall. In terms of the economy, Lincoln had less to say then Davis. Slavery was largely the main economical problem at the time. Fighting over the abolishment of slavery was slowly escalating. Lincoln in contrast of what many who have not had history lessons would think, did not come into office saying he would abolish slavery. â€Å"I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists.† (Lincoln, 3) Lincoln had no belief that it was his right to throw out something so important to the economy of the southern states. Davis surprisingly makes no major mention of slavery in either of his inaugural addresses. All that Davis talks about that could slightly relate to slavery is that the Southerners are an agricultural people. Davis’ main point about economical subjects, is his strike at the Union’s naval blockade of the Southern states. Davis says that the Union’s blockade may be blocking the South’s trade with foreign countries, but it is only making them a stronger self-supporting and independent people. Lincoln’s only other real point about the economy is his statement that the mail service will continue throughout the

Analysis Of Plato s Republic The Definition Of Justice...

In Plato’s Republic, Socrates begins a debate on the definition of justice. It starts off as a simple discussion on what justice means to some people. Eventually the discussion moves on how justice comes about it in an ideal city. Socrates eventually comes to the idea that an ideal city must have four virtues. These virtues happen to be: courage, wisdom, moderation, and justice. However, the only two virtues that applies to the city as a whole is justice and moderation. Whereas, courage is associated in the warriors and wisdom is associated with the rulers. Justice can not be found where moderation does not appear. According to Plato, justice is one of the main causes of happiness. There is no justice without moderation, and there is no happiness without justice. Therefore, moderation is important for the city and the individual to have to be just. My view is that you need moderation for a city. I believe this because you need a certain balance within a city for it to run smoo thly. If you give an excess amount to the city as a whole, they will become lazy and will not do their jobs. Socrates says â€Å"‘and in particular, don t compel us in the current case to bestow the sort of happiness upon the guardians that would turn them more into anything than guardians. For we know how to clothe the farmers in purple robes and adorn them with gold and instruct them to work the land whenever it pleased them, and arrange potters on couches in order of importance, in front of theShow MoreRelatedComparing Plato s Republic, The Philosopher And Plato965 Words   |  4 PagesIn Plato s Republic, the philosopher is sitting having a discussion with his fellow peers and friends. During this conversation each character except Plato offers their opening and reasoning on the question, what is justice. For the majority of the book Plato outlines almost every aspect of his ideal city. Within this city Plato has set up many rules in order for the city to remain just. A ll the way from mating rituals to who should rule, virtually all factors have been thought of and serves a specificRead MorePlato s Definition Of Justice1306 Words   |  6 Pageswill argue that Plato s definition of justice in the individual is inadequate since a just individual cannot act unjustly. I will start by defining justice in the individual. Next, I will reexamine Socrates’ refutation of Polemarchus’ second definition. Then, I will show how just individuals (i.e., the philosophy rulers) in the republic act unjustly by using the example of the treatment of people with disability in the republic. This creates a contradiction in Socrates definition. Lastly, I willRead MoreForm and Meaning of Happiness in Plato2749 Words   |  11 PagesAn Analysis of the Form and Meaning of Happiness in Plato’s Republic I. Introduction One of the central claims of Plato’s Republic is that justice is not only desirable for its own sake, but that it maximises the happiness of those who practice it. This paper examines Plato’s arguments in support of this thesis to determine (a) what he means by happiness, (b) to what extent it exists in his proposed ideal state, and (c) whether this in any way substantiates his claims about the benefits of justiceRead MoreEvaluating Historical Views of Leadership Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pages2014 University of Phoenix Evaluating Historical Views of Leadership This paper evaluates the leadership views of Plato, Aristotle, Lao-Tzu, and Machiavelli from the point of view of the modern military leader. The process of evaluation includes an examination of the commonalities and disparities between these views of leadership. The paper explores a definition of modern military leadership. The paper includes an assessment of the suitability of each of the aforementioned leadershipRead MorePlato and Confucius4610 Words   |  19 Pagesinfluenced by Plato’s Republic, Eastern ethical theory has been deeply influenced by Confucius’s Analects. David Haberman describes the Republic as ‘one of the most influential books of all time’ (86). And Bryan Van Norden compares (with considerable fervor) the Analects to ‘the combined influence of Jesus and Socrates’ (3). On the surface, there are many similarities between Confucius and Plato. Both taught through means of dialogue, and both expressed reticence to provide direct definitions. Both advocatedRead MoreParmenides and Heraclitus5510 Words   |  23 Pagesdown a firm definition of justice. Socrates then sets out to test and challenge their definitions through his method of questioning and counter-examples in an attempt to arrive at a more secure definition of justice, that which cannot be refuted. From the Paper Cephalus first raises the idea of justice with Socrates and then passes the debate on to his son, Polemarchus, to carry forward. In line with his father s arguments, Polemarchus develops the most basic definition of justice suggested inRead More Plato’s Influence on Western Civilization Essay3085 Words   |  13 Pagescountry, long before our country existed. In ancient Greece, a great philosopher named Plato founded one of the most famous schools in all of history. Plato was a student of an enlightened man and a teacher of many others. Plato’s contribution to our existing government is given little credit, yet thanks to him we function as one of the most sophisticated societies in the entire history and the world. Plato, whose real name was Aristocles, was believed to have been born the year 427 BCE in AthensRead MoreAristotle, Plato, And Rousseau : What Is Natural And The Nature Of Man2104 Words   |  9 PagesProfessor Graham MPP 601.01 March 19, 2016 Aristotle, Plato, and Rousseau: What is Natural and The Nature of Man As mentioned in the essay prompt, authors in this course have used the term(s) nature/natural in various ways to frame and support their arguments. As I identified in my previous paper, â€Å"In Book 1 of Aristotle s Politics, Aristotle begins by defining the city and or political community while also making the case that nearly everything exist for the sake of achieving some sort of goodRead MoreGender Inequality And Its Effect On The Stimulation Of Genocide Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesMetaphysical principles that were established by Aristotle, males are associated with reason and females associated with desire (Allen, 1985, n.p). This understanding stems from history s division of labour. Males were believed to be breadwinners and females as nurturers of children. In traditional Rwandan society, women s responsibilities included educating the children, welcoming visitors, managing the household, advising their husbands and maintaining traditions. A gender-based division of labourRead More Plato’s Republic: Justice and Injustice in Thrasymachus Account6580 Words   |  27 PagesPlato’s Republic: Justice and Injustice in Thrasymachus Account ABSTRACT: This paper has a two-fold task. First, I show that there are three types of individuals associated with the Thrasymachean view of society: (a) the many, i.e., the ruled or those exploited individuals who are just and obey the laws of the society; (b) the tyrant or ruler who sets down laws in the society in order to exploit the many for personal advantage; (c) the stronger individual (kreittoon) or member of the society

Euro Disney from Dream to Nightmare (1987-1994) Free Essays

For years, the Disney Theme Park Empire was built upon three crown jewels located in California, Florida, and Japan. Combining the familiar, family-friendly characters and images upon which the Disney reputation was built. With clean and well-operated theme parks helped Disney set new standards for efficient, friendly customer service in the theme park industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Euro Disney: from Dream to Nightmare (1987-1994) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its parks became major international tourist attractions. However, when Euro Disney opened in Paris in 1992, the standard model of Disney theme parks ran into trouble. Tackling the many problems faced by Euro Disney operations has posed many new challenges to Disney, forcing them to reconsider their standard model for success. Disney must find ways to adapt their theme park model in a manner which preserves the best of Disney. 9. 1 The challenges facing Euro Disney Early hopes for a similar success soured soon after Euro Disney opened, and the experience of opening Euro Disney delivered unexpected surprises to Disney management. The park soon encountered several major problems: Attendance Disney’s consulting firm has projected first year park attendance to range between 11. 7 and 17. 8 million attendees. To be cautious, Disney used the littlest figures and predicted eleven million attendees. While initial hotel bookings at the theme park during the summer looked promising, as the theme park entered its first winter, bookings dropped to twenty percent or less of monthly projects. Staffing Staffing shortages created a negative cycle in which extra workloads on employees resulted in increased turnover, which in turn hurt Disney’s ability to retain and develop its employees. Poor union relations caused by reactions to Disney’s exacting requirements for dress and appearance, such as a ban on facial hair and colored stockings, as well as to Disney’s high standards of customer service, further hurt their ability to attract employees. Customer Service Euro Disney was failing to deliver the high level of customer service standard to Disney theme parks, as well as failing to provide the service needs that were unique to the European market. Many employees failed to conform to the high standards of customer service that were expected in Disney theme parks. Lack of local management and autonomy Walt Disney Company owned a 49% share in Euro Disney. This resulted in management by remote control, in which decisions were often made by people who were far removed from the day-to-day operations of the park, and who did not have a strong understanding of the culture and the market. 9. 2 Recommendations Upon reviewing the key problems faced by Euro Disney, there are several issues which require attention. These include: Improving customer service Accommodations and services should be made to better fit the needs and desires of the multi-lingual and multi-cultural European customer base. Greater efforts should be made to identify and retain employees that are compatible with the corporate values of Disney with regards to customer service. Decentralize management Disney should hire local consultants to provide insight of local governmental ordinances, as well as customs that the business should follow. Decision making should be more decentralized, away from the U. S. parent company. Procedures should be made specifically for France. Communications with its employees and the overall morale among employees have to be improved. Options to overcome the housing shortage should be explored to allow workers to live closer to the theme park. In addition, Disney should make a greater effort to increase the diversity of its workforce, to provide a better level of service for visitors from outside of France. Better culture adaptation and understanding of the European market Disney must better understand and meet the different habits, expectations, and needs of the European theme park visitors. In addition, a greater role should be given to European investors in planning and decision making, to provide more of a European perspective in managing the operations of the theme park. Maintain operational flexibility As the organization is still dealing with a large range of unknowns, flexible problem-solving attitudes should be encouraged to help allow Disney to learn and adapt to its new environment. Disney has achieved a strong market position in other locations, and there is no reason to believe the organization cannot achieve a similar success in Europe, provided it is willing to make the same long-term commitment. Develop more realistic planning Plans for a second phase should not have been allowed to advance until such time that the problems facing the first phase were corrected, giving them a more secure base of knowledge upon which plans and decisions could be made. Otherwise, the company risks duplicating and compounding the problems encountered with its first phase. How to cite Euro Disney: from Dream to Nightmare (1987-1994), Papers

Importance of Luxury Value Perceptions - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Luxury Value Perceptions. Answer: Introduction: In determining the cultural aspects including the national cultural differences, two most effective theories are the Hofstedes cultural dimensions and Trompenaars model of national culture differences. The first aspect of Hofstedes cultural dimensions is power distance index (Taras, Steel and Kirkman, 2012). It refers to the inequality in the society and the extent to which, people accepts the inequality in the society. The more power index for a country refers to the more centralization of the organizations and having huge gaps among the organizational hierarchical structure and vice versa (Martin et al., 2012). The next element in this model is the individualism versus collectivism. This refers to the extent to which people are interpersonally connected with each other and vice versa. Masculinity versus femininity is another aspect of this model. This refers to the distribution of the roles being played by males and females in the society. The next aspect is the uncertainty avoidance index. This factor refers to control of the people in controlling their own lives. Countries having high rate of uncertainty avoidance index will lead their life in a more predictable way and vice versa (Shah, 2012). On the other hand, pragmatic versus normative aspect refers to the extent to which, people is inclined towards nationalism and regions. One of the main advantages of this model is comparison of the national culture with respect to the organizational culture. This will be helpful and beneficial for the multinational companies. On the other hand, one of the prime limitations of this model is the less concentration towards globalization (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2012). Hofstedes model is being stated without considering the factor of globalization. The major part of this model is concerned with the specific cultural differences in different countries, which is irrelevant in the present era of globalization. On the other hand, Trompenaars model of cultural differences also covers the different dimensions of the manner at which, people deal with one another. If this model is being compared with the Hofstedes model, then Trompenaars model involves broader survey of responses due to the large scale survey covering 8841 managers and employees from more than 40 countries. Thus, the conclusion of this model is more practical compared to the Hofstedes model (Shukla Purani, 2012). One of the key advantages of this model is the problem solving approach compared to the Hofstedes model. This model is being stated in more practical ways compared to other models. However, on the other hand, the key limitations of this model are the use of theoretical concepts rather than any statistical means. Thus, the use of theoretical concepts will hamper the probability of aligning it with the practical situations. For the contemporary business organizations, managing the employees effectively is much important due to the fact that, motivational level of the employees is important in gaining competitive advantages by the business organizations. This is due to the fact that, the more motivated will be the employees, the more they will get involved in their workplace (Anitha, 2014). Eventually, engaged and involved employees will have more productivity and effectiveness in the organization. According to the theory of motivation being stated by Maslow, fulfillment of the basic need of the employees will help the organization to enhance the level of motivation in the organization. Managing the level of motivation of the employees is also important due to the fact that in the multinational organizations, employees belong from diversified social backgrounds (Dobre, 2013). Thus, enhanced level of motivation among the employees will help the organization to reduce the chance of having issues related to diversity. Another important management practice for the business organizations is leadership. Effective leadership is important in the organizations in order to lead and mange the internal stakeholders effectively. In addition, effective leadership also determines effective organizing and planning the organizational policies and strategies. One of the prominent theories of leaderships is the transformational leadership. According to this theory, effective leadership will help in building positive relationship with the employees (Hanson, 2013). Moreover, transformational leadership will act as leader rather than just be the manager. However, in case of cultural differences in the organization, leadership role should be played in such a way that, all the employees belonging from different cultural background will be equally represented in the organization. Moreover, in the case of diversified workforce, leaders have to consider all the diversified considerations of different employees, which may have adverse implications on the effectiveness of the leadership (Agrawal, 2012). Another effective management practice is the team working. For the contemporary business organizations, majority of the jobs are being done in teams. In addition, most of the multinationals are having diversified workforce and it is important for them to effectively manage the teamwork. This is due to the reason that, in any particular team, all the team members will be from different cultural and social backgrounds and thus, it is important to effectively manage the differences in the workforce. According to the theory of teamwork being stated by Tuckman, there are some steps such as forming, storming, norming and performing should be initiated by the organizations in order to effectively manage the issues in the teamwork. However, in the case of cultural diversity in the teamwork, the theory of Tuckman will be more beneficial due to the fact that, storming and aligning the team members with that of the organizational objectives is important. Conflict is one of the most probable and emerging issue in the contemporary business organizations. This is due to the reason that, as discussed earlier, contemporary business organizations are having diversified workforce and thus there is more probability of emergence of differences and conflict in the organization. With the difference in the culture and social background of the employees, all the employees will have different opinions and approaches towards a certain issue. This will lead to the origination of the conflict among the internal stakeholders. Thus, for the contemporary business organizations, effective resolution of the conflict is important. The key issue that is being faced by the contemporary business organization is the ethical issues. This is due to the reason that, the current business scenario is much more competitive in nature and thus various organizations indulge in unethical business practices in order to gain competitive advantages in the market. However, these practices lead to negative implications in the future for the organizations. Thus, it is important for the business organizations to effectively manage the origination of the ethical issues. Moreover, in the case of different culture in the organization, ethics should also be maintained in marinating the cultural diversity. This is due to the reason that, involvement of unethical practices including inequality among the employees will have adverse implications on the workforce. If the employees from a particular community will be given more attention, then the other employees will get de-motivated and will cause issues in the organization. As given in the case study, Jo Barnes is an Australian national and Monsieur Hulot is a French national. Thus, their approaches towards any particular issue will be different and moreover their process and methodology of initiating of management principles will also be different. One of the key differences between them will be the power distance. Australia is having more power distance compared to the France with having 36 compared to 68 of France. Thus, hierarchical structure and power distance is maintained more in France than in Australia (Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights, 2017). Thus, the management approach of Hublot will be more autocratic and directive compared to the shared and participative leadership style of Barnes. On the other hand, according to Hofstedes cultural dimensions, individualism is more in Australia compared to France. Individualism refers to the extent of the influence of society on the individuals. Thus, in this dimension, social influence is more in A ustralia compared to France. Thus, the management approach of Barnes will be more organization centric. He will only bother about the welfare of his particular organization. On the other hand, Hublot will be more universal oriented and will look for global approach equally for all the units around the world. Masculinity is another key element for Hofstedes cultural dimensions. It refers to the degree to which, the society is being driven by competition and success or it is being driven by caring and quality of life. In this dimension, Australia fared well compared to France and thus, the management approach of Barnes will be performance driven and his key motive will be to enhance the productivity of the employees (Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights, 2017). On the other hand, management approaches of Hublot will more social driven and employee oriented. He will be more concentrated towards the employee welfare and their work life balance. In case of the uncertainty avoidance, France scored more than that of Australia. Thus, France is more concentrated to having formal structure and the management approach of Hublot will be concentrated in having proper organizational structure and maintaining formalities. On the other hand, the approach of Barnes will be to enhance the generation of innovative ideas in the organization along with motivating the internal stakeholders in having out of box thinking. The next aspect of this model is long term orientation. In this dimension, the score of France is higher compared to Australia. Thus, the management approach of Barnes will be more oriented to customs and tradition of the society and the management decisions will also be influenced by then social traditions. On the other hand, the approach of Hublot will be less influenced to religion and traditions and the managerial decisions will be easily adaptable to the tradition. The last aspect is indulgence (Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights, 2017). In this dimension, the score of Australia is more than France. Thus, the approach of Barnes will be society oriented (Vaiman, Scullion Collings, 2012). He will more concentrate to the providence of relaxation of the employees. On the other hand, the approach of Hublot will be less relaxation for the employees. For the globalized business environment, organizations have to initiate change management in order to get accustomed with the rapid change in the business scenario. Two of the most effective model of change management is the Lewin model and Kotter model. Lewin model states three steps of initiation of change in the organization and Kotter model states eight steps in initiation of change (Shirey, 2013). However, one of the key limitations of lewin model is the lack of practicality. The steps being stated in this model is more rational than being practical. On the other hand, the key disadvantage for the Kotter model is the one way approach. The steps being stated here is having top down approach. Thus, the upper level management will have more responsibility and there is less chance for the subordinates to communicate their opinions. However, one of the key advantages of Kotter model over the Lewin model is the practical implementation (Appelbaum et al., 2012). It is easier to practic ally implement this model compared to the Lewin model. Multinational organizations such as Port Phillip Pharmaceuticals will have various factors to consider. In the given case study, it is being given that, the organizational issues being faced by Jo Barnes in Philippines and France is different. One of the differences being identified is the language issue (Louhiala-Salminen Kankaanranta, 2012). Barnes have faced language barrier in communicating with the French employees due to the reason that, they are not comfortable in English. Moreover, her sudden entrances in the French unit will also being unwelcomed by her French counterparts. Thus, in order to overcome these issues, she opted for the participative style of leadership by engaging with the employees (Cole et al., 2012). According to her, the first job is to convince the employees about her motive and reduce the negativity from them. Thus, she acknowledged the contribution of the employees, which made them feel involved in the organization. This also eased the path of communicat ion channel between them and her. Thus, with having more effective and extensive communication, the differences get solved and the objectives of her get accomplished. Political dimension The first dimension of globalization is political scenario. For the global scenario, organizations have to adhere with the diversified political scenario in different countries (Ravenhill, 2017). This is due to the reason that different countries will have different laws regarding the employees and business and thus, for the global organizations, it is important for them to get adhere to all of them. Economic dimension The next dimension is the economic dimension. This refers to the global economy. However, for the global organizations, it is important to adhere with the currency and economic fluctuations among different countries. Moreover issues such as global economic crisis will also have to be adjusted (Castells, Caraca Cardoso, 2012). This is due to the fact that, due to globalization, all the countries are inter-depended and thus economic crisis will have holistic implications. Social dimension The social structure around the world is diverse due to the presence of different societies and cultures. With the difference in language, it is difficult for the organizations to consider all the social differences (Van Dijck, 2013). Moreover, due to globalization, organizations are having diversified workforce and it is important for the global organizations to adhere to the international laws related to workforce diversity. Technological dimension The present business scenario is technology driven and thus it is important for the business organizations to adopt the latest technology in order to gain competitiveness in the market. Moreover, with the help of globalization, developing and under developed countries are also having the access of latest technologies of developed countries (Gourinchas Jeanne, 2013). Thus, it is a huge opportunities for the organizations to offer the latest technologies to the customers around the world. In the present era of globalization, one of the key sources of attracting investments for the governments is the foreign direct investments. This is the concept of foreign companies investing in other host countries to set up their manufacturing and operational unit in order to cater to the market in the host countries (Blonigen Piger, 2014). This helps the host country governments in enhancing the level of foreign reserve and increasing the opportunities for employment. Thus, the more will be the rate of foreign direct investment in the country, the more will be the employment opportunities. International labor organization is the umbrella organization for the all the employee related activities around the world. Various conventions such as minimum wage and forced labor are being initiated by them. Thus, in determining the employment policy, it is important to effectively adhere with the amendments of international labor organizations. Moreover, with the change in time, various new issues are being emerging and accordingly ILO is amending their regulations. Thus, employment policy should always adhere with these regulations. World Trade Organization is one of the leading bodies of initiating the free trade policy among its member states. Settlement of disputes among the member countries regarding the trade rules and regulations is also being managed by them. Their regulations have implications on the employment policy due to the reason that, with the change in the regulations of World Trade Organization, the trade scenario between the particular countries will fluctuate. Another international institution that is important for the employment policy is the International Monetary Fund. The key motive of this organization is to initiate high rate of employment and promote economic growth. Thus, the more effective will be the regulations of IMF, the more will be the positive impact on the employment policy. This is due to the reason that, effective implementation of the elements of IMF will help to enhance the employment opportunities and vice versa. Reference Agrawal, V. (2012). Managing the diversified team: challenges and strategies for improving performance.Team Performance Management: An International Journal,18(7/8), 384-400. Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management. Appelbaum, S. H., Habashy, S., Malo, J. L., Shafiq, H. (2012). Back to the future: revisiting Kotter's 1996 change model.Journal of Management Development,31(8), 764-782. Blonigen, B. A., Piger, J. (2014). Determinants of foreign direct investment.Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'conomique,47(3), 775-812. Castells, M., Caraa, J., Cardoso, G. (Eds.). (2012).Aftermath: The cultures of the economic crisis. Oxford University Press. Cole, M. S., Walter, F., Bedeian, A. G., OBoyle, E. H. (2012). Job burnout and employee engagement: A meta-analytic examination of construct proliferation.Journal of management,38(5), 1550-1581. Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights. (2017).Hofstede Insights. Retrieved 25 October 2017, from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/australia,france/ Dobre, O. I. (2013). 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Ravenhill, J. (Ed.). (2017).Global political economy. Oxford University Press. Shah, A. (2012). Uncertainty avoidance index and its cultural/country implications relating to consumer behavior.Journal of International Business Research,11(1), 119. Shirey, M. R. (2013). Lewins theory of planned change as a strategic resource.Journal of Nursing Administration,43(2), 69-72. Shukla, P., Purani, K. (2012). Comparing the importance of luxury value perceptions in cross-national contexts.Journal of Business Research,65(10), 1417-1424. Taras, V., Steel, P., Kirkman, B. L. (2012). Improving national cultural indices using a longitudinal meta-analysis of Hofstede's dimensions.Journal of World Business,47(3), 329-341. Vaiman, V., Scullion, H., Collings, D. (2012). Talent management decision making.Management Decision,50(5), 925-941. Van Dijck, J. (2013).The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press.