Understanding Early Man : Scientific Discovery vs. Emotionally Driven Hypothesis :: Anthropology Essays Paleontology Papers

Understanding Early Man : Scientific Discovery vs. Emotionally Driven Hypothesis The ways in which we attempt to determine the history of early man say much more about who we are today, and who we will be tomorrow, and who we want to be today, and who we want to be tomorrow, than they do about who we were in the past. This statement comes from a person who knows little about science, and less about the specific scientific techniques used in archeological excavation and analysis. But it seems to me that much of the observations that are made in the study of early man are predicated as much on new theory as they are on old observation, and much of the old observation seems to be based on how humans act now, rather than in the past. For instance, an entire new field of study known as "Evolutionary Psychology" is based on the premise that we can understand who we are today based on how we have evolved, and what we have evolved from. Evolution, is more or less a proven fact, analogous to gravity, it is a theory that we have used to understand countless other phenomena in the world around us. But there is no theory about how early man behaved, how he evolved, or even, what he looked like, that comes even close to being as widely accepted. In other words, this new field of study is based on science that does not yet exist, and might not ever exist, and the thinking behind it is similar to thinking behind the study of early man. Evolutionary psychologists use things we don't know about who we were then to try and understand who we are now, and anthropologists use things we don't know about who we are now to try and understand who we were then. Our debates about these early human ancestors echo our debates about our present and our modern history to such a degree, that in some ways, this echo seems to cast doubts on the entire process of examination.A great debate in history departments around the world who study the Twentieth Century concerns what is known as the "Great Man Theory." This theory supposes that the major events, and major social changes, of the past century were due more to the actions of a handful of men and women (usually those in positions of great power, or those who made important scientific discoveries) rather than to the actions of the majority.

Jack Daniel Market Entry Strategy

Market Entry Strategy for Jack Daniels (Brown-Forman) to Germany Products Being Exported Consumer: Jack Daniels Old #7 Whiskey Industrial: Jack Daniels signature Whiskey Barrels International Business Policy 490 By: Market Entry Strategy for Jack Daniels (Brown-Forman) to Germany Brown-Foreman Company The Brown-Forman company who is the owner of the Jack Daniels brand since 1956 was founded in 1870 by George Gavin Brown, a young pharmaceuticals salesman in Louisville, who had the then-novel idea of selling top-grade whiskey in sealed glass bottles.Since then it has grown into a company that in fiscal 2006 had sales of 2. 4 billion dollars. The Brown family controls more than 70% of the voting shares. â€Å"This isn’t a History Lesson, This is Jack Daniels† â€Å"Was it simply his lucky number? Some say that Jack Daniel had seven girlfriends or the #7 train carried his barrels. Only Mr. Jack knows the real reason. † Jack Daniels was founded in 1863, at age 13 Jack Daniel owned his first whiskey still. The United States licensed its first ever distillery in Lynchburg, Tennessee in 1866. This site is where Jack Daniels whiskey is still produced, today.Jack Daniel’s whiskey has become the top-selling whiskey in the United States due to few safety concerns involved in the distilling process. Also, prioritizing quality was Jack’s other focus, he said, â€Å"Every day we make it, we’ll make it the best we can. † Market Overview Germany is politically as well as economically one of the most important countries in Europe and the European Union. Due to its geographical position, its good infrastructure and its legal certainty, Germany is the first choice for many foreign companies when establishing a Representative Office or a subsidiary for their entry into the European market.The German economy is the world’s fourth largest and accounts for more than one-fifth of the European Union’s Gross Domestic Product. The United States largest European Union trading partner is Germany, also, being the sixth largest market for United States exports. Germany’s economy follows free market principles with a considerable degree of governmental market regulations and generous welfare programs. Germany has a welcoming attitude towards foreign direct investment (FDI). The German market is open for investment in practically all industry sectors, and business activities are free from regulations restricting day-to-day business.German law makes no distinction between Germans and foreign nationals regarding investments or the establishment of companies. The legal framework for FDI in Germany favors the principle of freedom for foreign trade and payment. There are no restrictions or barriers to capital transactions, currency transfers, real estate purchases, repatriation of profits, or access to foreign exchanges. Economic Data Year| Average Unemployment rate| Annual Inflation rate| 2008| 7. 8%| 2. 6% | 2009| 8. 1%| 0. 4%| 2010| 7. 7%| 1. 1%| 2011| 7. 1%| 2,3%| 2012| 6. 7%| 2,1%|Consumer: The largest consumer market in the EU is Germany, with a population of over eighty-two million. Enormous amounts of trade are conducted in Germany. Germany’s geographic location in the middle of the 27-member EU makes Germany a favorable gateway for many US companies to build their global expansion strategy. With Germany being the largest consumer market it gives the opportunity for Jack Daniels to gain a high value in market share. Industrial: A recent study conducted by the American Chamber of Commerce highlights the positive regard, in which the German usiness environment is held by US companies. US companies indicated that for the industrial market, 73 percent of participating American companies named Germany as their first choice for market entry; followed by Eastern Europe (57 percent),and Western Europe (33 percent). This is a good statistic for Jack Daniels because it shows that o ther companies are doing the same which opens up competition and for an easier market entry. Market Challenges The following information must be present on the label: Product type (Trademarks, brand names or fanciful names may not substitute the generic/product name, but may be used in addition to the product name) * List of ingredients proceeded by the word â€Å"Ingredients†; must show all ingredients (including additives) in descending order of weight as recorded at the time of their use in the manufacture and designated by their specific name. In the case of those products that may contain ingredients liable to cause allergies or intolerances, a clear indication should be given on the label by the word â€Å"contains† followed by the name of the ingredient.However, this indication will not be necessary provided the specific name is included in the list of ingredients. * Net quantity in metric units (liter, centiliter, milliliter) * Date of minimum durability not re quired for wine and beverages containing more than 10% alcohol by volume * Special conditions for keeping or use (if applicable) * Name or business name and address of the manufacturer, packager or importer established in the European Union * Country of origin or provenance * Alcohol content for beverages containing more than 1. 2% by volume * Lot identification with the marking preceded by the letter â€Å"L†.REQUIRED DOCUMENTS The following is a list of the documents that are required and/or recommended when importing alcohol beverages into Germany and/or any other EU member state: * Commercial invoice * Customs Value Declaration * Freight Insurance * Freight documents * Customs Import Declaration (SAD form a common import declaration form for all EU Member States; must be drawn up in one of the official languages of the EU) * Packing List * Certificate of Origin * Insurance certificate * Simplified Export Certificate IMPORT PROCEDURES An import declaration is required for goods from third countries such as the U.S. When goods are imported into Germany, it is the responsibility of the importer or his authorized agent to declare them to Customs. A Single Administrative Document or SAD is used for this purpose. This is the approved form for the import declaration process. * The Single Administrative Document (SAD) may be submitted to the Federal Customs Administration, either through physical means or through an electronic declaration. * Goods are released from Customs for â€Å"free circulation† once the pertinent documents have been filed and payment of tariff duties has been completed.After paying the value added tax (VAT) and any other applicable excise duty, goods are also released for consumption and ready to be marketed TAXES/TARIFFS * Value Added Tax (VAT) is an indirect tax on goods and services which is borne by the end consumer and applied to the value added at each stage of the supply chain. * In Germany, it is called Umsatzsteuer. Co nsumer: Germany’s relatively high marginal tax rates and complicated tax laws may constitute an obstacle, although deductions, allowances and write-offs help to move effective tax rates to internationally competitive levels.The Germany industrial market is one of many fluctuations throughout the years. The real German GDP expanded by 1. 7 percent in 2008, after a contraction of 0. 1 percent in 2007. Forecasters predict that the economic growth would slow to 1 percent in 2009. Sluggish consumer demand, weak investment spending and the persistent crisis in the construction sector continue to exert a dampening effect on recovery. The German economy continues to suffer from structural problems, including inflexibility and over-regulation in labor markets, taxation and business establishment, as well as high social insurance costs.This might slow the demand for Jack Daniels number 7 whiskeys due to it being a higher end drink. The German culture might not justify spending the 30 d ollars on a bottle of Jack Daniels when you can get Evan Williams for half the price. Industrial: With the exception of participation in the EU Common Agricultural Policy, Germany presents few formal barriers to U. S. trade or investment. Germany has pressed the new EU Commission to reduce regulatory burdens and promote innovation in order to increase the EU member states’ competitiveness.Germany's government regulation is often complex and may offer a degree of protection to established local suppliers. Safety or environmental standards, not inherently discretionary but always applied, can complicate access to the market for U. S. products. American companies (Jack Daniels) interested in exporting to Germany should make sure they know which standards apply to their product and obtain timely testing, certification (CE), and all the different regulatory compliances. Also the use of free trade zones and bonded warehouses might be a way to cut costs by assembling the barrels the re instead of beforehand.German standards are especially relevant to U. S. exporters because, as EU-wide standards are developed, they are often based on existing German ones. Market Opportunities For companies in the US, the largest EU market to enter is Germany. Germany is an important element to Jack Daniels Old Whiskey #7 and the signature Oak Barrels’ exporting strategy into Europe. With the high costs of doing business in Germany come, high levels of productivity, a first-class infrastructure, quality engineering, highly skilled labor force, and a location at the center of EU.This in turn makes Germany a very appealing country to export Jack Daniels brand into. U. S. Exports and Imports to Germany Year| Exports to Germany| Imports from Germany| Balance| 2008| 54,505. 3| 97,496. 6| ? 42,991. 3| 2009| 43,306. 3| 71,498. 2| ? 28,191. 9| 2010| 48,160. 7| 82,429. 1| ? 34,268. 4| 2011| 40,837. 0| 80,616. 8| ? 39,779. 8| 2012| 44,983. 6| 99,299. 3| -54,315. 7| Between Germany and its eastern European neighbors, the labor cost gap has been significantly reduced. In fact, Germany has gained the labor-cost edge in recent years.Since 2002, wages have risen in most European Union countries, with the growth rate averaging 3. 1 percent. While some countries; particularly those in Eastern Europe experienced a rise of more than seven percent. Germany recorded the lowest labor cost growth within the EU at just 1. 6 percent. This has been another decisive argument in favor of Germany as a premium market entry spot in the European Union Main Exports and Imports by Commodity with Germany 2010 Commodity| Imports from Germany| Exports to Germany| Apparel| USD 115. 6 million| USD 142. 3 million|Chemical goods| USD 7. 1 billion| USD 7. 2 billion| Electric Equipment| USD 9. 5 billion| USD 11. 4 billion| Beverages| USD 611. 9 million| USD 426. 2 million| Machinery| USD 15. 4 billion| USD 6. 8 billion| Cars and car parts| USD 25. 4 billion| USD 5 billion| Consumer: For the consumer product Germany’s excellent workforce is decisive to the country’s high productivity rates. It comprises over 40 million people, making it the largest pool of ready labor in the EU. Germany’s world-class education system ensures that the highest standards are always met.More than 80 percent of the German workforce has received formal vocational training or is in possession of an academic degree. For the productivity rates and workforce size, it shows good potential for Jack Daniels to gain market share and higher employees that will work hard and grow the company to the German standards. Industrial: Industrial market entry is all about efficiency and margins. Germany’s logistics infrastructure is among the best; its companies are also global logistics leaders. In fact, the world’s leading logisticsservices provider is a German company Deutsche Post DHL.Deutsche Bahn operates Europe’s largest rail network and Lufthansa Cargo is one o f the world’s leading global air freight companies. Annual revenues of over EUR 220 billion in 2011 make Germany Europe’s logistics leader. No other EU country comes close to Germany’s market size. This enables transportation of goods and services to be much more efficient, and cost worthy due to convenience. Product Description Consumer: Jack Daniel's Black Label, also known as Old Number 7 or more commonly as JD is one of the best-selling whiskies in the world.Made in the Tennessee Sour Mash style, it is very similar to bourbon with the additional step of dripping the fresh make spirit through a vat of sugar maple charcoal to â€Å"mellow† the whiskey before going into barrel. The result is a smooth, versatile whiskey that is true to its country roots. Whether drinking it neat, on the rocks or in a Jack and Coke or perhaps a Lynchburg Lemonade, Jack Daniels Black Label delivers a consistent, quality product that pleases imbibers around the world. It has been diluted from its original 45 percent alcohol content.Every drop is filtered through sugar maple charcoal in large wooden vats also referred to as sugar mellowing. Industrial: (Jack Daniels Barrels) The Brown-Forman Cooperage is the only barrel making facility exclusive to one distiller. Formerly the Blue Grass Cooperage Company, the cooperage was renamed in 2009 to the Brown-Forman Cooperage. The scale of the facility is massive, including an aging and storage facility for the wood that goes into making the barrels that has over thirty million dollars’ worth of lumber stored in it.Jack Daniel’s barrels are all made from American Oak. Wood is sourced from a number of regions, including the Ozarks, Appalachia, and a â€Å"Northern Region† that includes and surrounds Minnesota. The wood from the various regions is milled and then delivered to the cooperage. Fresh cut oak, or â€Å"green wood,† is 85% water, so to be used for barrels it needs to be drie d and aged. Drying wood too quickly can create splits, cracks, and checks (microscopic cracks) which cause a barrel to leak, so the wood needs to be slowly aged outdoors to abide by the jack standards.Also the barrel can only be used once so the demand is always constant for the American oak wood throughout the world. Fun Fact: In addition to gradually drying out the wood, exposing the wood to the elements also helps determine flavor. Green wood is high in tannic acids (as much as 12%), which translates into the bite you get when drinking the whiskey. When you dry wood outside and it gets drenched with rain and then dried by the sun, this helps reduce and â€Å"tame† the levels of tannic acid which makes for a smoother taste experience.One of the things you realize when reading the steps for a Jack Daniel’s Whiskey Barrel being built is how natural a process it is. While there’s a fair amount of machinery that goes into the process, but the process all is focuse d on shaping and preserving the natural qualities of the wood. â€Å"Each barrel is as individual as one of us,† Jack Daniels always said. But this is why they are in such demand for all the different countries (i. e. Germany) for trying to produce and make the Jack Daniels brand.Brown-Forman announced plans today for a new cooperage to craft barrels in Decatur, Alabama, in order to meet growing worldwide demand for Jack Daniel’s Tennessee Whiskey. Brown-Forman officials said the tremendous growth of the Jack Daniel’s Family of Brands both domestically and internationally necessitated building the new cooperage . Brown-Forman and Jack Daniel’s officials joined with Alabama Governor Robert Bentley in Montgomery, AL, to make the formal announcement today. The Jack Daniel Cooperage is expected to be operational in May 2014, and it will eventually employ approximately 200 workers.It will be the second cooperage owned by Brown-Forman, which operates another fa cility in Louisville, KY, and will double the company’s barrel-making capacity. â€Å"Barrels are more than a container for our whiskey; they’re an important ingredient,† said Jeff Arnett, Jack Daniel’s Master Distiller. â€Å"All of the color of Jack Daniel’s and more than half of our whiskey’s flavor is derived from the barrel. We believe in the importance of the barrel in making our whiskey so much that we are the only major distiller that makes its own barrels. Product PricingConsumer: Jack Daniels Old No 7 goes for roughly $23. 99 per 750ml. This is your average price but since this Whiskey is being exported into Germany the rough price in Euros is 18. 47 with the conversion rate but then you must factor in the fact that alcohol is sold in different amounts in Europe. For 700ml it is 19. 61 euros roughly. So it is cheaper to get whiskey abroad then it is here. The Germany price is also taken into account that their currency is rated di fferent than ours in the fact that their Yen purchases different amounts then the US dollar.Also the prices of alcohol are different from the US in the fact that every country has their own regulations and tax rates. The age of the drinking age is also another factor which might cause the price to be lower due to younger adults usually having less income. Industrial: Most sales forces don't sell in a manner that yields the most profit. Relationships, of course, are important. But to garner the highest price, your sales force needs to confidently produce why your product offers the highest value compared to rivals. Value always doesn't mean lowest price.Instead, it is the offering that provides the best â€Å"deal† (most benefits for the price) for clients. Do to these different factors or pricing the whiskey barrels will be sold at prices compensated by exchange rates and currencies. * US: $160. 00-$200. 00/Per Barrel * Euro: Eu123. 04-Eu153. 80/Per Barrel These prices will a ccount for a 20% profit margin and take care of any costs that are gained through the export process. It makes sure that the company (Jack Daniels) has the right amount of cash coming in so there barrel manufacturing is up to full productivity potential. Product PromotionConsumer: Although, Jack Daniels Old #7 generally meets the criteria as straight bourbon, the company disavows this classification and simply just markets it as a Tennessee Whiskey. Old Senator Roger Motlow, believed in ‘stomach to stomach advertising. ’ â€Å"If you can get them to taste the whiskey, you won’t need any advertising. † Its target audience is mainly AB, male, 34-55; conservative people, with a strong personality based on the sense of effort and a life of tradition and strong values. The Jack Daniels drinker is an anti-conformist consumer, often like music especially rock music or country music especially in the States.Basing on the facts that 55% of whiskey drinkers use bour bon whiskey with a mix and that the majority of the people who mix a whiskey with a Cola or other substances are likely to use it in a bar or a club, assumptions can be made suggesting Jack Daniels drinkers are likely to be slightly younger than other type of whiskey drinkers. Furthermore marketing strategies conducted by Jack Daniel’s in the last five years suggest a reposition of the brand to appeal a younger audience. Sports sponsorship and music-related associations will attract a 24-35 years old type of audience, with an interest to expand the target to a female audience too.Industrial: The most successful market entrants are those that offer innovative products featuring high quality and modern styling (Jack Daniels Whiskey Barrels). Germans are responsive to the innovation and high technology evident in Jack Daniels whiskey barrels. The German market is decentralized and diverse, with interests and tastes differing dramatically from one German state to another. Success ful market strategies take into account regional differences as part of a strong national market presence which Jack Daniels had done very well.The experienced representation is a major asset to any market strategy, given that the primary competitors for most American products are domestic firms with established presences. Jack Daniels can overcome such stiff competition by offering high-quality products, services at competitive prices, and locally based after-sales support. Jack Daniels whiskey barrels are one thing that is unique and that is needed to produce the special Jack Daniels taste. The German culture is one that approves of the brand which also is a huge advantage. Conclusion Consumer: As shown below Jack Daniels is growing worldwide daily.Germany is no exception that it is an important part to conquering the global market for whiskey the fact that they are considered in their own category as Tennessee Whiskey helps because of how their whiskey is processed through the ba rrels is different to other ‘bourbons. ’ They do have a competitive edge in that regard since their product is considered more regal than other brands since they are in a category of their own. Germany is the perfect export country for the Jack Daniels Company and should use the market to their advantage. Industrial: As Jack Daniel's has grown from a U.S. brand to a global one, so the Jack Daniel's marketing team has grown from a small number of people to a global marketing organization. For Jack Daniels whiskey barrels, Germany is politically as well as economically one of the most important countries in Europe and the European Union for the Jack Daniels business. Due to its geographical position, its good infrastructure and its legal certainty Germany should be the first choice for any foreign company when establishing an office or a subsidiary for their entry into the European market. Bibliography * http://www. ackdaniels. com/history/legend-old-no-7 * http://www. dr inkspirits. com/whiskey/jack-daniels-barrel-making/ * http://translate. google. com/translate? hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www. jack-lives-here. de/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dgerman%2Bjack%2Bdaniels%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1R2WQIB_enUS509%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D673&sa=X&ei=8wBJUeLwHYrSygHWyICgCQ&sqi=2&ved=0CDwQ7gEwAA * http://www. businessweek. com/stories/2007-10-10/jack-daniels-international-appealbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice * http://articles. businessinsider. om/2012-01-10/strategy/30610634_1_jack-daniel-pop-culture-whiskey-brand * http://management. fortune. cnn. com/2011/12/08/jack-daniels-jim-stengel-grow/ * http://www. grin. com/en/e-book/180587/jack-daniel-s-brand-activity-analysis? partnerid=googlebooks * http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/09/26/whiskey-barrels_n_1916768. html * http://www. qualityassurancemag. com/qa0212-jack-daniels-whiskey. aspx * http://www. trademarkia. com/jack-daniels-old-no-7-brand-85128967. html * http://export. gov/germany/marketresea rchongermany/countrycommercialguide/doingbusinessingermany/index. sp * http://www. entergermany. com/marketentry. html * http://www. startupoverseas. co. uk/expanding-a-business-in-germany/entering-the-market. html * http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-18868704 * http://www. gtai. de/GTAI/Content/EN/Invest/_SharedDocs/Downloads/GTAI/Brochures/Germany/economic-overview-germany-market-productivity-innovation. pdf * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany * http://www. whiskyfinder. eu/beverage. php? cmd=show&id=85 * http://www. crownwineandspirits. com/brands/Jack-Daniels. html

Stereotypes of Latinos in Television and Film

Latinos may now be the largest racial minority in the United States, but their rise in numbers hasn’t necessarily made it easier for them to challenge stereotypes. Racial stereotypes about Latinos abound in television and film. This overview of the most common Hispanic stereotypes portrayed in the media—from maids to gangbangers—reveals why sweeping generalizations about Latinos are harmful.​ All Maids All the Time In the earlier days of television and film, blacks were the racial group most likely to portray domestic workers. Black housekeepers played key roles in television sitcoms such as 1950s Beulah and films such as 1939’s Gone With The Wind. By the 1980s, however, Latinos increasingly replaced black people as Hollywood’s domestics. The 1987 TV show I Married Dora was about a man who married his Latina housekeeper to prevent her from being deported. Even megastar Jennifer Lopez played a housekeeper in 2002’s Maid in Manhattan, a romantic comedy reminiscent of the Cinderella fairytale. The late actress Lupe Ontiveros estimated that she played a maid as many as 150 times onscreen. In 2009, Ontoveros  told National Public Radio, â€Å"I long to play a judge. I long to play a lesbian woman. I long to play a councilman, someone with some chutzpah.† Latin Lovers Hollywood has a long history of portraying Hispanics and Spaniards as Latin Lovers. Men such as Antonio Banderas, Fernando Lamas, and Ricardo Montalban all starred in a number of roles that perpetuated the idea that Hispanic men are incredibly suave, sexy and skilled in the sheets. The stereotype became so popular that Hollywood produced a film in 1953 with the very title Latin Lovers, starring Ricardo Montalban and Lana Turner. Tired of being typecast as a Latin Lover, Fernando Lamas, father of actor Lorenzo Lamas, told the Free Lance-Star in 1958 that he wanted to redefine the term, saying: â€Å"A Latin lover shouldn’t be a greasy character. He doesn’t even have to be Latin. But he must be a guy who loves life, and since life includes women, his loves include women. Sometimes he gets a girl and sometimes he gets his face slapped. The most important thing is that he be a real man with problems to solve.† Sexpots While Hispanic men are often reduced to Latin Lovers in television and film, Hispanic women are commonly typecast as sexpots. Rita Hayworth, Raquel Welch, and Carmen Miranda are some of the Latinas in early Hollywood who capitalized on their sexy image. More recently, Eva Longoria played a conniving Latina homemaker who used her looks to advance her agenda in Desperate Housewives, and Sofia Vergara played the role of Gloria Delgado-Pritchett on Modern Family, which many prominent Latinas argue not only fuels the stereotype that Hispanic women are sexy but also loud, crazy and spicy. Tanisha Ramirez said in the Huffington Post: â€Å"The problem here is that this idea of the curvy, sexy and sultry Latina denies many Latinas their cultural identification based on their physical appearances and sexual attractiveness, alone. In essence, this sort of thinking traps our culture within our bodies, ignoring the values, ethics, and traditions that contribute to our sense of culture and community.† Thug Life There has been no shortage of Latinos playing thugs, drug dealers and gangbangers in U.S. films and television shows, especially police dramas. Popular films such as 1992’s American Me and 1993’s Mi Vida Loca chronicled the lives of fictional Hispanic drug kingpins and gangsters. Even the 1961 classic West Side Story centered on the rivalry between a white gang and a Puerto Rican one. The gangster stereotype aimed at Latinos is particularly harmful, as it gives the public the idea that Hispanics aren’t law-abiding citizens but cholos. Accordingly, they should be feared, shunned and certainly not treated as equals. While some Latinos, just as some whites, find themselves entangled in the criminal justice system, the majority of Hispanics aren’t criminals. They work as lawyers, teachers, pastors, police officers, and in a host of other areas. Immigrants Television programs such as The George Lopez Show, Desperate Housewives, and Ugly Betty were unique in that they portrayed Latinos as Americans rather than as recent immigrants to the United States. Not only have many Hispanics lived in the United States for several generations but some Hispanics also descend from families that predate the establishment of the present-day U.S.-Mexico border. For decades Hollywood has featured Hispanics speaking heavily accented English on television and in cinema. Lupe Ontiveros told NPR that during auditions, casting directors made it clear that they prefer her to play immigrant types. Before auditioning, she’d ask them, â€Å"‘You want an accent?’ And they’d say, ‘Yes, we prefer for you to have an accent.’ And the thicker and more waddly it is, the more they like it. This is what I’m against, really, truly.†

Comparing Davis and Lincolns Innagural Address - 1451 Words

The bloodiest war in American history, led by Abraham Lincoln for the north, and Jefferson Davis for the south, both presidents, but two different sides. Both garner for peace, yet one is willing to start a war, while the other is willing to accept it. This essay will compare and contrast the political, economical, and social outlooks on Lincoln’s and Davis’ Inaugural addresses throughout the civil war between the North and South. Slavery, laws, and state rights drove the South to start a war, and Lincoln received the war with open arms. Both sides wanted peace, but their means of achieving it and their leaders’ choices and beliefs differed greatly while still holding similarities. Abraham Lincoln had many neutral political views, which†¦show more content†¦When you put the two paragraphs together you can see that where Lincoln took a step back and planned his approach to not only the oncoming war but the presidency itself, Davis decided to bull on thro ugh and strive to please his own people while slandering those on the other side of the wall. In terms of the economy, Lincoln had less to say then Davis. Slavery was largely the main economical problem at the time. Fighting over the abolishment of slavery was slowly escalating. Lincoln in contrast of what many who have not had history lessons would think, did not come into office saying he would abolish slavery. â€Å"I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists.† (Lincoln, 3) Lincoln had no belief that it was his right to throw out something so important to the economy of the southern states. Davis surprisingly makes no major mention of slavery in either of his inaugural addresses. All that Davis talks about that could slightly relate to slavery is that the Southerners are an agricultural people. Davis’ main point about economical subjects, is his strike at the Union’s naval blockade of the Southern states. Davis says that the Union’s blockade may be blocking the South’s trade with foreign countries, but it is only making them a stronger self-supporting and independent people. Lincoln’s only other real point about the economy is his statement that the mail service will continue throughout the

Analysis Of Plato s Republic The Definition Of Justice...

In Plato’s Republic, Socrates begins a debate on the definition of justice. It starts off as a simple discussion on what justice means to some people. Eventually the discussion moves on how justice comes about it in an ideal city. Socrates eventually comes to the idea that an ideal city must have four virtues. These virtues happen to be: courage, wisdom, moderation, and justice. However, the only two virtues that applies to the city as a whole is justice and moderation. Whereas, courage is associated in the warriors and wisdom is associated with the rulers. Justice can not be found where moderation does not appear. According to Plato, justice is one of the main causes of happiness. There is no justice without moderation, and there is no happiness without justice. Therefore, moderation is important for the city and the individual to have to be just. My view is that you need moderation for a city. I believe this because you need a certain balance within a city for it to run smoo thly. If you give an excess amount to the city as a whole, they will become lazy and will not do their jobs. Socrates says â€Å"‘and in particular, don t compel us in the current case to bestow the sort of happiness upon the guardians that would turn them more into anything than guardians. For we know how to clothe the farmers in purple robes and adorn them with gold and instruct them to work the land whenever it pleased them, and arrange potters on couches in order of importance, in front of theShow MoreRelatedComparing Plato s Republic, The Philosopher And Plato965 Words   |  4 PagesIn Plato s Republic, the philosopher is sitting having a discussion with his fellow peers and friends. During this conversation each character except Plato offers their opening and reasoning on the question, what is justice. For the majority of the book Plato outlines almost every aspect of his ideal city. Within this city Plato has set up many rules in order for the city to remain just. A ll the way from mating rituals to who should rule, virtually all factors have been thought of and serves a specificRead MorePlato s Definition Of Justice1306 Words   |  6 Pageswill argue that Plato s definition of justice in the individual is inadequate since a just individual cannot act unjustly. I will start by defining justice in the individual. Next, I will reexamine Socrates’ refutation of Polemarchus’ second definition. Then, I will show how just individuals (i.e., the philosophy rulers) in the republic act unjustly by using the example of the treatment of people with disability in the republic. This creates a contradiction in Socrates definition. Lastly, I willRead MoreForm and Meaning of Happiness in Plato2749 Words   |  11 PagesAn Analysis of the Form and Meaning of Happiness in Plato’s Republic I. Introduction One of the central claims of Plato’s Republic is that justice is not only desirable for its own sake, but that it maximises the happiness of those who practice it. This paper examines Plato’s arguments in support of this thesis to determine (a) what he means by happiness, (b) to what extent it exists in his proposed ideal state, and (c) whether this in any way substantiates his claims about the benefits of justiceRead MoreEvaluating Historical Views of Leadership Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pages2014 University of Phoenix Evaluating Historical Views of Leadership This paper evaluates the leadership views of Plato, Aristotle, Lao-Tzu, and Machiavelli from the point of view of the modern military leader. The process of evaluation includes an examination of the commonalities and disparities between these views of leadership. The paper explores a definition of modern military leadership. The paper includes an assessment of the suitability of each of the aforementioned leadershipRead MorePlato and Confucius4610 Words   |  19 Pagesinfluenced by Plato’s Republic, Eastern ethical theory has been deeply influenced by Confucius’s Analects. David Haberman describes the Republic as ‘one of the most influential books of all time’ (86). And Bryan Van Norden compares (with considerable fervor) the Analects to ‘the combined influence of Jesus and Socrates’ (3). On the surface, there are many similarities between Confucius and Plato. Both taught through means of dialogue, and both expressed reticence to provide direct definitions. Both advocatedRead MoreParmenides and Heraclitus5510 Words   |  23 Pagesdown a firm definition of justice. Socrates then sets out to test and challenge their definitions through his method of questioning and counter-examples in an attempt to arrive at a more secure definition of justice, that which cannot be refuted. From the Paper Cephalus first raises the idea of justice with Socrates and then passes the debate on to his son, Polemarchus, to carry forward. In line with his father s arguments, Polemarchus develops the most basic definition of justice suggested inRead More Plato’s Influence on Western Civilization Essay3085 Words   |  13 Pagescountry, long before our country existed. In ancient Greece, a great philosopher named Plato founded one of the most famous schools in all of history. Plato was a student of an enlightened man and a teacher of many others. Plato’s contribution to our existing government is given little credit, yet thanks to him we function as one of the most sophisticated societies in the entire history and the world. Plato, whose real name was Aristocles, was believed to have been born the year 427 BCE in AthensRead MoreAristotle, Plato, And Rousseau : What Is Natural And The Nature Of Man2104 Words   |  9 PagesProfessor Graham MPP 601.01 March 19, 2016 Aristotle, Plato, and Rousseau: What is Natural and The Nature of Man As mentioned in the essay prompt, authors in this course have used the term(s) nature/natural in various ways to frame and support their arguments. As I identified in my previous paper, â€Å"In Book 1 of Aristotle s Politics, Aristotle begins by defining the city and or political community while also making the case that nearly everything exist for the sake of achieving some sort of goodRead MoreGender Inequality And Its Effect On The Stimulation Of Genocide Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesMetaphysical principles that were established by Aristotle, males are associated with reason and females associated with desire (Allen, 1985, n.p). This understanding stems from history s division of labour. Males were believed to be breadwinners and females as nurturers of children. In traditional Rwandan society, women s responsibilities included educating the children, welcoming visitors, managing the household, advising their husbands and maintaining traditions. A gender-based division of labourRead More Plato’s Republic: Justice and Injustice in Thrasymachus Account6580 Words   |  27 PagesPlato’s Republic: Justice and Injustice in Thrasymachus Account ABSTRACT: This paper has a two-fold task. First, I show that there are three types of individuals associated with the Thrasymachean view of society: (a) the many, i.e., the ruled or those exploited individuals who are just and obey the laws of the society; (b) the tyrant or ruler who sets down laws in the society in order to exploit the many for personal advantage; (c) the stronger individual (kreittoon) or member of the society

Euro Disney from Dream to Nightmare (1987-1994) Free Essays

For years, the Disney Theme Park Empire was built upon three crown jewels located in California, Florida, and Japan. Combining the familiar, family-friendly characters and images upon which the Disney reputation was built. With clean and well-operated theme parks helped Disney set new standards for efficient, friendly customer service in the theme park industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Euro Disney: from Dream to Nightmare (1987-1994) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its parks became major international tourist attractions. However, when Euro Disney opened in Paris in 1992, the standard model of Disney theme parks ran into trouble. Tackling the many problems faced by Euro Disney operations has posed many new challenges to Disney, forcing them to reconsider their standard model for success. Disney must find ways to adapt their theme park model in a manner which preserves the best of Disney. 9. 1 The challenges facing Euro Disney Early hopes for a similar success soured soon after Euro Disney opened, and the experience of opening Euro Disney delivered unexpected surprises to Disney management. The park soon encountered several major problems: Attendance Disney’s consulting firm has projected first year park attendance to range between 11. 7 and 17. 8 million attendees. To be cautious, Disney used the littlest figures and predicted eleven million attendees. While initial hotel bookings at the theme park during the summer looked promising, as the theme park entered its first winter, bookings dropped to twenty percent or less of monthly projects. Staffing Staffing shortages created a negative cycle in which extra workloads on employees resulted in increased turnover, which in turn hurt Disney’s ability to retain and develop its employees. Poor union relations caused by reactions to Disney’s exacting requirements for dress and appearance, such as a ban on facial hair and colored stockings, as well as to Disney’s high standards of customer service, further hurt their ability to attract employees. Customer Service Euro Disney was failing to deliver the high level of customer service standard to Disney theme parks, as well as failing to provide the service needs that were unique to the European market. Many employees failed to conform to the high standards of customer service that were expected in Disney theme parks. Lack of local management and autonomy Walt Disney Company owned a 49% share in Euro Disney. This resulted in management by remote control, in which decisions were often made by people who were far removed from the day-to-day operations of the park, and who did not have a strong understanding of the culture and the market. 9. 2 Recommendations Upon reviewing the key problems faced by Euro Disney, there are several issues which require attention. These include: Improving customer service Accommodations and services should be made to better fit the needs and desires of the multi-lingual and multi-cultural European customer base. Greater efforts should be made to identify and retain employees that are compatible with the corporate values of Disney with regards to customer service. Decentralize management Disney should hire local consultants to provide insight of local governmental ordinances, as well as customs that the business should follow. Decision making should be more decentralized, away from the U. S. parent company. Procedures should be made specifically for France. Communications with its employees and the overall morale among employees have to be improved. Options to overcome the housing shortage should be explored to allow workers to live closer to the theme park. In addition, Disney should make a greater effort to increase the diversity of its workforce, to provide a better level of service for visitors from outside of France. Better culture adaptation and understanding of the European market Disney must better understand and meet the different habits, expectations, and needs of the European theme park visitors. In addition, a greater role should be given to European investors in planning and decision making, to provide more of a European perspective in managing the operations of the theme park. Maintain operational flexibility As the organization is still dealing with a large range of unknowns, flexible problem-solving attitudes should be encouraged to help allow Disney to learn and adapt to its new environment. Disney has achieved a strong market position in other locations, and there is no reason to believe the organization cannot achieve a similar success in Europe, provided it is willing to make the same long-term commitment. Develop more realistic planning Plans for a second phase should not have been allowed to advance until such time that the problems facing the first phase were corrected, giving them a more secure base of knowledge upon which plans and decisions could be made. Otherwise, the company risks duplicating and compounding the problems encountered with its first phase. How to cite Euro Disney: from Dream to Nightmare (1987-1994), Papers

Importance of Luxury Value Perceptions - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Luxury Value Perceptions. Answer: Introduction: In determining the cultural aspects including the national cultural differences, two most effective theories are the Hofstedes cultural dimensions and Trompenaars model of national culture differences. The first aspect of Hofstedes cultural dimensions is power distance index (Taras, Steel and Kirkman, 2012). It refers to the inequality in the society and the extent to which, people accepts the inequality in the society. The more power index for a country refers to the more centralization of the organizations and having huge gaps among the organizational hierarchical structure and vice versa (Martin et al., 2012). The next element in this model is the individualism versus collectivism. This refers to the extent to which people are interpersonally connected with each other and vice versa. Masculinity versus femininity is another aspect of this model. This refers to the distribution of the roles being played by males and females in the society. The next aspect is the uncertainty avoidance index. This factor refers to control of the people in controlling their own lives. Countries having high rate of uncertainty avoidance index will lead their life in a more predictable way and vice versa (Shah, 2012). On the other hand, pragmatic versus normative aspect refers to the extent to which, people is inclined towards nationalism and regions. One of the main advantages of this model is comparison of the national culture with respect to the organizational culture. This will be helpful and beneficial for the multinational companies. On the other hand, one of the prime limitations of this model is the less concentration towards globalization (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2012). Hofstedes model is being stated without considering the factor of globalization. The major part of this model is concerned with the specific cultural differences in different countries, which is irrelevant in the present era of globalization. On the other hand, Trompenaars model of cultural differences also covers the different dimensions of the manner at which, people deal with one another. If this model is being compared with the Hofstedes model, then Trompenaars model involves broader survey of responses due to the large scale survey covering 8841 managers and employees from more than 40 countries. Thus, the conclusion of this model is more practical compared to the Hofstedes model (Shukla Purani, 2012). One of the key advantages of this model is the problem solving approach compared to the Hofstedes model. This model is being stated in more practical ways compared to other models. However, on the other hand, the key limitations of this model are the use of theoretical concepts rather than any statistical means. Thus, the use of theoretical concepts will hamper the probability of aligning it with the practical situations. For the contemporary business organizations, managing the employees effectively is much important due to the fact that, motivational level of the employees is important in gaining competitive advantages by the business organizations. This is due to the fact that, the more motivated will be the employees, the more they will get involved in their workplace (Anitha, 2014). Eventually, engaged and involved employees will have more productivity and effectiveness in the organization. According to the theory of motivation being stated by Maslow, fulfillment of the basic need of the employees will help the organization to enhance the level of motivation in the organization. Managing the level of motivation of the employees is also important due to the fact that in the multinational organizations, employees belong from diversified social backgrounds (Dobre, 2013). Thus, enhanced level of motivation among the employees will help the organization to reduce the chance of having issues related to diversity. Another important management practice for the business organizations is leadership. Effective leadership is important in the organizations in order to lead and mange the internal stakeholders effectively. In addition, effective leadership also determines effective organizing and planning the organizational policies and strategies. One of the prominent theories of leaderships is the transformational leadership. According to this theory, effective leadership will help in building positive relationship with the employees (Hanson, 2013). Moreover, transformational leadership will act as leader rather than just be the manager. However, in case of cultural differences in the organization, leadership role should be played in such a way that, all the employees belonging from different cultural background will be equally represented in the organization. Moreover, in the case of diversified workforce, leaders have to consider all the diversified considerations of different employees, which may have adverse implications on the effectiveness of the leadership (Agrawal, 2012). Another effective management practice is the team working. For the contemporary business organizations, majority of the jobs are being done in teams. In addition, most of the multinationals are having diversified workforce and it is important for them to effectively manage the teamwork. This is due to the reason that, in any particular team, all the team members will be from different cultural and social backgrounds and thus, it is important to effectively manage the differences in the workforce. According to the theory of teamwork being stated by Tuckman, there are some steps such as forming, storming, norming and performing should be initiated by the organizations in order to effectively manage the issues in the teamwork. However, in the case of cultural diversity in the teamwork, the theory of Tuckman will be more beneficial due to the fact that, storming and aligning the team members with that of the organizational objectives is important. Conflict is one of the most probable and emerging issue in the contemporary business organizations. This is due to the reason that, as discussed earlier, contemporary business organizations are having diversified workforce and thus there is more probability of emergence of differences and conflict in the organization. With the difference in the culture and social background of the employees, all the employees will have different opinions and approaches towards a certain issue. This will lead to the origination of the conflict among the internal stakeholders. Thus, for the contemporary business organizations, effective resolution of the conflict is important. The key issue that is being faced by the contemporary business organization is the ethical issues. This is due to the reason that, the current business scenario is much more competitive in nature and thus various organizations indulge in unethical business practices in order to gain competitive advantages in the market. However, these practices lead to negative implications in the future for the organizations. Thus, it is important for the business organizations to effectively manage the origination of the ethical issues. Moreover, in the case of different culture in the organization, ethics should also be maintained in marinating the cultural diversity. This is due to the reason that, involvement of unethical practices including inequality among the employees will have adverse implications on the workforce. If the employees from a particular community will be given more attention, then the other employees will get de-motivated and will cause issues in the organization. As given in the case study, Jo Barnes is an Australian national and Monsieur Hulot is a French national. Thus, their approaches towards any particular issue will be different and moreover their process and methodology of initiating of management principles will also be different. One of the key differences between them will be the power distance. Australia is having more power distance compared to the France with having 36 compared to 68 of France. Thus, hierarchical structure and power distance is maintained more in France than in Australia (Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights, 2017). Thus, the management approach of Hublot will be more autocratic and directive compared to the shared and participative leadership style of Barnes. On the other hand, according to Hofstedes cultural dimensions, individualism is more in Australia compared to France. Individualism refers to the extent of the influence of society on the individuals. Thus, in this dimension, social influence is more in A ustralia compared to France. Thus, the management approach of Barnes will be more organization centric. He will only bother about the welfare of his particular organization. On the other hand, Hublot will be more universal oriented and will look for global approach equally for all the units around the world. Masculinity is another key element for Hofstedes cultural dimensions. It refers to the degree to which, the society is being driven by competition and success or it is being driven by caring and quality of life. In this dimension, Australia fared well compared to France and thus, the management approach of Barnes will be performance driven and his key motive will be to enhance the productivity of the employees (Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights, 2017). On the other hand, management approaches of Hublot will more social driven and employee oriented. He will be more concentrated towards the employee welfare and their work life balance. In case of the uncertainty avoidance, France scored more than that of Australia. Thus, France is more concentrated to having formal structure and the management approach of Hublot will be concentrated in having proper organizational structure and maintaining formalities. On the other hand, the approach of Barnes will be to enhance the generation of innovative ideas in the organization along with motivating the internal stakeholders in having out of box thinking. The next aspect of this model is long term orientation. In this dimension, the score of France is higher compared to Australia. Thus, the management approach of Barnes will be more oriented to customs and tradition of the society and the management decisions will also be influenced by then social traditions. On the other hand, the approach of Hublot will be less influenced to religion and traditions and the managerial decisions will be easily adaptable to the tradition. The last aspect is indulgence (Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights, 2017). In this dimension, the score of Australia is more than France. Thus, the approach of Barnes will be society oriented (Vaiman, Scullion Collings, 2012). He will more concentrate to the providence of relaxation of the employees. On the other hand, the approach of Hublot will be less relaxation for the employees. For the globalized business environment, organizations have to initiate change management in order to get accustomed with the rapid change in the business scenario. Two of the most effective model of change management is the Lewin model and Kotter model. Lewin model states three steps of initiation of change in the organization and Kotter model states eight steps in initiation of change (Shirey, 2013). However, one of the key limitations of lewin model is the lack of practicality. The steps being stated in this model is more rational than being practical. On the other hand, the key disadvantage for the Kotter model is the one way approach. The steps being stated here is having top down approach. Thus, the upper level management will have more responsibility and there is less chance for the subordinates to communicate their opinions. However, one of the key advantages of Kotter model over the Lewin model is the practical implementation (Appelbaum et al., 2012). It is easier to practic ally implement this model compared to the Lewin model. Multinational organizations such as Port Phillip Pharmaceuticals will have various factors to consider. In the given case study, it is being given that, the organizational issues being faced by Jo Barnes in Philippines and France is different. One of the differences being identified is the language issue (Louhiala-Salminen Kankaanranta, 2012). Barnes have faced language barrier in communicating with the French employees due to the reason that, they are not comfortable in English. Moreover, her sudden entrances in the French unit will also being unwelcomed by her French counterparts. Thus, in order to overcome these issues, she opted for the participative style of leadership by engaging with the employees (Cole et al., 2012). According to her, the first job is to convince the employees about her motive and reduce the negativity from them. Thus, she acknowledged the contribution of the employees, which made them feel involved in the organization. This also eased the path of communicat ion channel between them and her. Thus, with having more effective and extensive communication, the differences get solved and the objectives of her get accomplished. Political dimension The first dimension of globalization is political scenario. For the global scenario, organizations have to adhere with the diversified political scenario in different countries (Ravenhill, 2017). This is due to the reason that different countries will have different laws regarding the employees and business and thus, for the global organizations, it is important for them to get adhere to all of them. Economic dimension The next dimension is the economic dimension. This refers to the global economy. However, for the global organizations, it is important to adhere with the currency and economic fluctuations among different countries. Moreover issues such as global economic crisis will also have to be adjusted (Castells, Caraca Cardoso, 2012). This is due to the fact that, due to globalization, all the countries are inter-depended and thus economic crisis will have holistic implications. Social dimension The social structure around the world is diverse due to the presence of different societies and cultures. With the difference in language, it is difficult for the organizations to consider all the social differences (Van Dijck, 2013). Moreover, due to globalization, organizations are having diversified workforce and it is important for the global organizations to adhere to the international laws related to workforce diversity. Technological dimension The present business scenario is technology driven and thus it is important for the business organizations to adopt the latest technology in order to gain competitiveness in the market. Moreover, with the help of globalization, developing and under developed countries are also having the access of latest technologies of developed countries (Gourinchas Jeanne, 2013). Thus, it is a huge opportunities for the organizations to offer the latest technologies to the customers around the world. In the present era of globalization, one of the key sources of attracting investments for the governments is the foreign direct investments. This is the concept of foreign companies investing in other host countries to set up their manufacturing and operational unit in order to cater to the market in the host countries (Blonigen Piger, 2014). This helps the host country governments in enhancing the level of foreign reserve and increasing the opportunities for employment. Thus, the more will be the rate of foreign direct investment in the country, the more will be the employment opportunities. International labor organization is the umbrella organization for the all the employee related activities around the world. Various conventions such as minimum wage and forced labor are being initiated by them. Thus, in determining the employment policy, it is important to effectively adhere with the amendments of international labor organizations. Moreover, with the change in time, various new issues are being emerging and accordingly ILO is amending their regulations. Thus, employment policy should always adhere with these regulations. World Trade Organization is one of the leading bodies of initiating the free trade policy among its member states. Settlement of disputes among the member countries regarding the trade rules and regulations is also being managed by them. Their regulations have implications on the employment policy due to the reason that, with the change in the regulations of World Trade Organization, the trade scenario between the particular countries will fluctuate. Another international institution that is important for the employment policy is the International Monetary Fund. The key motive of this organization is to initiate high rate of employment and promote economic growth. Thus, the more effective will be the regulations of IMF, the more will be the positive impact on the employment policy. This is due to the reason that, effective implementation of the elements of IMF will help to enhance the employment opportunities and vice versa. Reference Agrawal, V. (2012). Managing the diversified team: challenges and strategies for improving performance.Team Performance Management: An International Journal,18(7/8), 384-400. Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management. Appelbaum, S. H., Habashy, S., Malo, J. L., Shafiq, H. (2012). Back to the future: revisiting Kotter's 1996 change model.Journal of Management Development,31(8), 764-782. Blonigen, B. A., Piger, J. (2014). Determinants of foreign direct investment.Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'conomique,47(3), 775-812. Castells, M., Caraa, J., Cardoso, G. (Eds.). (2012).Aftermath: The cultures of the economic crisis. Oxford University Press. Cole, M. S., Walter, F., Bedeian, A. G., OBoyle, E. H. (2012). Job burnout and employee engagement: A meta-analytic examination of construct proliferation.Journal of management,38(5), 1550-1581. Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights. (2017).Hofstede Insights. Retrieved 25 October 2017, from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/australia,france/ Dobre, O. I. (2013). Employee motivation and organizational performance.Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research,5(1), 53-60. Gourinchas, P. O., Jeanne, O. (2013). Capital flows to developing countries: The allocation puzzle.Review of Economic Studies,80(4), 1484-1515. Hanson, B. (2013). The leadership development interface: Aligning leaders and organizations toward more effective leadership learning.Advances in Developing Human Resources,15(1), 106-120. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Louhiala-Salminen, L., Kankaanranta, A. (2012). Language as an issue in international internal communication: English or local language? If English, what English?.Public Relations Review,38(2), 262-269. Martin, R., Muls, M., de Preux, L. B., Wagner, U. J. (2012). Anatomy of a paradox: Management practices, organizational structure and energy efficiency.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,63(2), 208-223. Ravenhill, J. (Ed.). (2017).Global political economy. Oxford University Press. Shah, A. (2012). Uncertainty avoidance index and its cultural/country implications relating to consumer behavior.Journal of International Business Research,11(1), 119. Shirey, M. R. (2013). Lewins theory of planned change as a strategic resource.Journal of Nursing Administration,43(2), 69-72. Shukla, P., Purani, K. (2012). Comparing the importance of luxury value perceptions in cross-national contexts.Journal of Business Research,65(10), 1417-1424. Taras, V., Steel, P., Kirkman, B. L. (2012). Improving national cultural indices using a longitudinal meta-analysis of Hofstede's dimensions.Journal of World Business,47(3), 329-341. Vaiman, V., Scullion, H., Collings, D. (2012). Talent management decision making.Management Decision,50(5), 925-941. Van Dijck, J. (2013).The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press.